1 We studied the epidural cephalad and caudad spread of 2% chloroprocaine buffered with sodium bicarbonate administered epidurally at the beginning of the second stage of labor.

2 There have been studies that have reported on degeneration occurring at the cephalad and caudad levels adjacent to the fused levels.

3 OML. as baseline of CT scan, include cephalad for skull base, and caudad for nasopharynx and cervical.

4 In the normal nondistended state, this area coincides with the most caudad portion of the manometrically determined LES located within and caudad to the diaphragmatic hiatus.

5 Proper placement of the axillary roll is under the thorax caudad to the axilla.