1. But this is not meant to belittle the magnitude of the adaptive radiations that took place in the Vendian and Cambrian periods.

2. Anguilla japonica; Anguilla marmorata; otolith microchemistry ; environmental history; migratory behaviors; adaptive radiation.

3. In evolutionary biology, as distinct from ecology, this concept arouses fewer controversies and has contributed to the creation of the ecological theory of adaptive radiation.

4. Much of this diversification has occurred recently, creating spectacular examples of adaptive radiation and of speciation in action (table S1).

5. Some of them have species-specificity to figs, and exist adaptive radiation to their hosts.