1. We envisage a convecting magma chamber of height H, cooled from above.

2. Earth has an actively convecting dense metallic core that produces and sustains a strong magnetic field.

3. And when it is hot enough, it will convect and rise really high.

4. Finally, without scattered light or atmosphere to conduct and convect energy, shadow areas on the Moon are extremely cold.

5. At the same time, we introduce a kind of two dimensional inverse heat conduction problems which do not convect with outer space in doing the compression, and we have got the expected result.

6. In chapter 4, we discuss the iterative method of a kind of two dimensional inverse heat conduction problems which do not convect with outer space. We show that these problems are severely ill-posed.

7. Plasma transferred arc produces the induced electromagnetic field that makes liquid metal convect in molten pool in the surface metallurgical course.