1. Objective To explore the diagnostic standards of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA), and the correlation between related antibodies and islet function in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

2. The issues of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) were reviewed and discussed, including its diagnostic criteria, complications, pathogenesis, therapeutic measures and future directions.

3. Objective To study the clinical characteristics of late autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA), and to improve the understanding of this disease.

4. Late-onset autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), presenting with a similar phenotype of type 2 diabetes at early stage, belongs to the slowly progressive subtype of autoimmune type 1 diabetes.

5. Objective To investigate whether the islet cell antibodies (ICA) subsets were associated with the heterogeneous presentations of autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM).

6. DNA vaccines containing GAD65 fragment and Insulin B Chain gene are successfully constructed, which provide a foundation for further development of immunotherapy against autoimmune diabetes.

7. Objective To investigate the relationship between the sensorineural hearing loss and autoimmune Diabetes mellitus insulin autoantibodies.