(1) Rapid correction of chronic osmolar imbalance, especially in the presence of concurrent malnutrition, can cause rapid demyelination. This can also occur with normal serum sodium.

(2) ConclusionThe low osmolar and nonionic contrast media can be usedrelativelysafely in people over 70 years old.

(3) Most cases of hyponatremia are associated with low serum osmolality ( so - called hypo - osmolar hyponatremia ).

(4) To investigate the effect of Iopromide, a kind of low osmolar and nonionic contrast media, on renal function in people over 70 years old.

(5) Contrast media significantly and selectively decreased the arterial sensitivity to NO, which was mainly induced by osmolar charges.

(6) Objective To investigate the effect of Iopromide, a kind of low osmolar and nonionic contrast media, on renal function in people over 70 years old.

(7) Results: In the randomized study, 6.8% of patients given high- osmolar and 3.8% of those given low- osmolar contrast media had serum creatinine increases of at least 25%.

(8) Conclusion two, the defect geomembranes can display its impervious character, reducing the risk of osmolar stability of the clay core wall which has the impervious flaw.