1. Objective:To observe the effects of thoracostomy closed drainage combined with highly agglutinative staphylococcin(HASL) in the treatment of malignant pleural effusions.

2. The patient's condition improved after tube thoracostomy drainage and antibiotic treatment.

3. Objective To explore the value of center vein catheter thoracostomy in the chemotherapy of malignant pleural effusion.

4. Objective To observe the analgesia effect of injecting tramadol by micro pump after tube thoracostomy in order to guide clinic nursing.

5. Methods 3 patients with recalcitrant bronchopleural fistula underwent transsternal transpericardial closure of a bronchopleural fistula and drainage by open thoracostomy.

6. Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of tube thoracostomy drainage and double-way chemotherapy in treating malignant pleural effusion in geriatric patients.