1. AIM: To analyse the molecular karyotypes of Leishmania isolates from hilly and plain foci of China.

2. The third parasite, Leishmania major, causes severe skin disease that can leave infected people heavily scarred.

3. Conclusion Differences at genetic level exist in Leishmania isolates from different foci in China.

4. Visceral leishmaniasis — also known as kala-azar — is caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted to humans through biting insects such as sand flies.

5. Conventional methods for determining host and Leishmania parasite species include dissection and observation of physical characteristics — both of which require considerable time and skill.

6. The researchers identified proteins produced only by Leishmania donovani, the parasite that causes the disease.

7. Objective To establish a method for culture of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes in vitro and identify the antigenic specificity of amastigotes with indirect immunofluorescent assay.

8. CONCLUSION: Leishmania infantum is the pathogen of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Karamay, Xinjiang, and P. major wui, the vector of this disease.

9. The positive rates of Leishmania shin test in human population of this area were 81.8% and 33.6% respectively.

10. Leishmaniasis is caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted by biting insects such as sand flies.

11. CONSTRUCTION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF A DNA VACCINE VECTOR?EXPRESSING HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 OF ?LEISHMANIA DONOVANI?

12. Conclusions: Leishmania promastigotes antigens have good stability and heat-resistant nature.

13. Researchers evaluated the efficacy of artemisinin against the Leishmania donovani parasite.

14. Objective To detect the expression level of stage-specific genes in Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes.

15. These results prove the practical value of this repetitive DNA fragment on the identification of the Leishmania isolates in China.

16. AIM : To develop a simple and accurate technique for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and identification of Leishmania pathogen.

17. But because relatively few sand flies are infected with the Leishmania parasite — even in endemic areas — a large number of specimens have to be tested to get any informative data.

18. Using a test called KAtex, which detects proteins from Leishmania infantum in the urine, the researchers found ten positive cases.

19. OBJECTIVE To develop a piezoelectric crystal DNA sensor of Leishmania protozoan METHODS The DNA sensor was prepared by immobilizing DNA probe on surface of piezoelectric quartz crystal.

20. Researchers altered the salivary glands of the Anopheles stephensi mosquito, dubbed a "flying vaccinator, " so that it carried the Leishmania vaccine within its saliva.

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21. An infection caused by any of the flagellate protozoans of the genus Leishmania, transmitted to human beings and animals by bloodsucking sand flies.

22. Genomic analysis of parasitic human pathogens, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania major.