1. Subpolar seas of both hemispheres are richer than polar seas, with a longer but less intense season of high productivity.

2. And sincerely welcome vast subpolar customers to visit and guidance, business negotiations. Your demand is our motivation for enterprise development.

3. This creates a thin surface layer with relatively low thermal heat capacity which allows very rapid summer heating even at subpolar latitudes.

4. Polar Biology presents results of studies in plants, animals, and micro-organisms of marine, limnic and terrestrial habitats in polar and subpolar regions of both hemispheres.

5. It is shown from the annual mean zonally averaged temperature and salinity distributions that the thermocline depths show a W-shaped pattern, and there is a salinity front in the subpolar sea area.