(1) For cartographical purposes heights are necessarily recorded above the geoid ( sea - level ).

(2) The study of projections from the cartographical point of view is not here considered as a branch of geodesy.

(3) Three-dimensional geological modeling is important for engineering decision, geological analyses and prediction, and improvement of cartographical efficiency.

(4) The subjective map research should be introduced to the major content of the cartographical research.

(5) The model can be used to check and maintain quality of spatial data, and provide process and evaluation methods of spatial relations for automatic cartographical generalization.

(6) The definition of map, one of the important subjects, has been discussed in the cartographical field.

(7) Then it describes the properties of topological transformation in map data processing as well as the realization of so-called indirect topological selection in this cartographical data base system.

(8) But the internet and the spread of satellite-navigation technologyare beginning to weaken the state's control of cartographical detail.

(9) We discussed the model and the means of knowledge acquisition for cartographical generalizations ground on granular computing with a case for the selection of rivers.