1. New species of Carpinus from Guangxi, China.

2. A new species of Carpinus from Hunan.

3. A new species of Carpinus from Guangxi.

4. Any of several other woody plants, as in the genera Carpinus and Nothofagus.

5. Along the gap developmental series of 10, 20, 30 and 40 yearn, the dominant species in the arbor layer were Diospyros dumetorum, Pistacia chinensis, Handeliodendron bodinieri and Carpinus pubescens.